Days after Samuel Paty, 47, showed his pupils the caricatures in October 2020, an Islamic extremist stabbed and beheaded him outside his school in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, near Paris.
The assailant, an 18-year-old Chechen, was shot dead by police moments after.
Those who have been on trial on terrorism charges at a special court in Paris since the end of November.
The courtroom was packed for the verdict, which marked the final chapter of the Paty trial.
Heavy surveillance was in place, with more than 50 police officers guarding the proceedings.
Among those convicted on Friday was the father of a student whose false account of Paty's use of the caricatures triggered a wave of social media posts targeting the middle-school teacher.
The court sentenced Brahim Chnina to 13 years in prison for criminal terrorist association, according to broadcaster Franceinfo. Chnina had published videos falsely accusing the teacher of disciplining his daughter for complaining about the class, naming Paty and identifying his school.
Abdelhakim Sefrioui, the founder of a hardline Islamist organisation, received a 15-year sentence.
Both Sefrioui and Chnina were found guilty of inciting hatred against Paty.
Many Muslims consider any depiction of the Prophet Mohammed to be blasphemous.
Sefrioui's lawyer said his client would appeal the decision, according to French media.
Two associates of Paty's killer, Abdullakh Anzorov, were also convicted. Naim Boudaoud and Azim Epsirkhanov were sentenced to 16 years in prison for complicity in a terrorist killing.
Both had denied wrongdoing, according to Franceinfo.
In 2023, a court found Chnina's daughter and five other adolescents guilty of taking part in a premeditated conspiracy and helping prepare an ambush.
Chnina's daughter, who was not in Paty's class when the caricatures were shown, was convicted of making false accusations and slanderous comments.
French media reported the 13-year-old made the allegations after her parents questioned why she had been suspended from school for two days.
Paty's shocking death left an indelible mark on France, with several schools now named after him.
The fallout from his killing reinforced the French state's commitment to freedom of expression and its attachment to secularism in public life.
with AP
